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B    3    3bb    DHS 

1 

EARLY  MIGRATIONS. 


Japanese  Wrecks 

STKANDED  AND  PICKED  UP  ADRIFT 

IN   THE 

NOETH   PACIFIC 

OCEAN, 

ETHNOLOGICALLY    CONSIDERED. 

)J7 


? 


CHARLES  WOLCOTTi  BROOKS. 


U 


"^^oH  't 


SAN    FRANCISCO,   CALIFORNIA: 
Re-printed  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences. 
1876. 


OUTLINE  MAP   OF   THE   NORTH    PACIFIC   OCEAN, 

Showing  the  Distribution  of  Disabled  Japanese  Junks  by  Winds  and  Currents;  also  Direction  of  the  Kuro  Shiwo,  or  Japanese  Warm  Stream, 

as  corrected  by  the  Observations  and  Investigations  of  Professor  George  Davidson,  U.  S.  C.  S. 


CALIFORNIA  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


+  OAPANESE:     WRECKS. 


o 


Showing  the  Distribution  of  Disi 
as  corpecl 


CALIFORNIA  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


JAPANESE    WRECKS, 

STRANDED  AND  PICKED  UP  ADRIFT 

IN    THE 

NORTH   PACIFIC    OCEAN, 

ETHNOLOGICALLY    CONSIDERED, 

AS 

Fian-iish.in.g  Evidence  of  a  constant  infusion,  of  ?Japan.ese 

lilood  among  the  (Joast  1'ribes  of  Northwestern 

Indians. 


CHARLES  WOLCOTT  BROOKS, 

Member  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences;   Ex-Consul  of  Japan  for  California 
and  Attach^  of  the  Japanese  Embassy  to  fifteen  Treaty  Powers,  1871-72-73. 


Read   before  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  at  their  Meeting, 
March  1st,   1875. 


SAN    FRANCISCO,    CALIFORNIA: 
Printed  by  the  Academy. 

187C. 


ANTHROPOLOGY 


Lr-^-- 


m 


INTRODUCTION.  an™rop 

LIBRARY 


As  nature  is  a  mechanism  whose  parts  are  intimately  associated,  so  all  vork 
has  its  co-laborers.  I  am  indebted  to  many  kind  friends  for  their  co-oper- 
ation and  assistance  in  verifying  the  particulars  of  individual  cases.  The 
collection,  as  a  whole,  is  entirely  my  own,  and  has  been  progressing  since 
March,  1853,  when  at  sea  off  the  coast  of  Japan  I  first  fell  in  with  the  water- 
logged wreck  of  a  junk. 

In  issuing  this  reprint  of  a  paper  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Academy  of  Sciences,  no  one  can  be  more  aware  than  myself,  of  how 
much  is  left  undone;  but  I  must  in  frankness  say,  that  thus  far  the  collection 
of  exact  particulars  has  involved  a  voluminous  correspondence,  and  been  in- 
dustriously prosecuted,  in  spite  of  great  difficulties,  (often  of  distance);  and 
had  1  awaited  to  obtain  perfect  completeness,  this  publication  would  have 
been  indefinitely  postponed. 

By  calling  attention  to  material  already  in  hand,  I  hope  other  cases  may  be 
b'ought  to  light,  and  thus  a  chain  of  evidence  become  established,  which 
shall  point  to  hidden  laws,  underlying  the  ethnological  as  well  as  physical 
conditions  here  presented. 

With  each  step  in  the  progress  of  these  investigations,  I  have  been  deeply 
impressed  how  largely  this  list  is  capable  of  being  increased,  by  studious  and 
systematic  search  through  all  the  ancient  literature,  relating  to  countries 
whose  shores  are  washed  by  the  North  Pacific  Ocean. 

In  the  aim  to  exercise  especial  care,  where  partial  discrepancies  were  found 
to  exist,  the  version  which,  after  diligent  examination,  appears  to  me 
most  reliable,  has  been  adopted.  Keports  of  Japanese  wrecks  not  here  enum- 
erated, or  any  well  authenticated  corrections  to  this  list,  will,  if  addressed  to 
Chakles  Wolcott  Brooks,  care  of  Japanese  Consulate,  San  Francisco,  Cali- 
fornia, be  thankfully  received,  and  posted  in  the  official  record  book,  access- 
ible to  all  for  future  reference. 

Among  those  whose  kind  co-operation  I  take  pleasure  in  acknowledging, 
are:  Their  Excellencies  the  Ministers  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Japan;  His  Excel- 
lency Kats  Ava,  H.  I.  J.  M.  Minister  of  Marine;  His  Excellency  Hirobumi 
Ito,  H.  I.  J.  M.  Minister  of  Public  Works:  Nakahama  Manjiro;  Fukuzawa 
Ukitchy,  now  one  of  the  most  advanced  literary  men  of  Japan;  Yoshinari 
Hatakeyama,  A,  M.,  one  of  their  ripest  scholars,  and  head  of  the  Imperial 
College  at  Tokio;  and  especially  to  my  former  colleague  and  present  suc- 
cessor, Samro  Takaki,  to  whom  I  am  largely  indebted  for  many  valuable 
translations  and  researches  into  official  records;  to  Professor  George  David- 
son, United  States  Coast  Survey,  for  reliable  information  regarding  the  phys- 
ical features  of  the  Kuro  Shi  wo;  and  to  members  of  the  Academy  for  their 
kind  appreciation  of  the  importance  of  the  work  undertaken. 

C.  W.  B. 

San  Francisco,  Oct.  1,  1876. 


REPORT 


OF 


JAPANESE   VESSELS 


WRECKED  IN  THE  NORTH  PACIFIC  OCEAN 


FKOM   THE 


EARLIEST  RECORDS  TO  THE   PRESENT  TIME. 


Every  junk  found  adrift  or  stranded  on  the  coast  of  North  America,  or  on 
the  Hawaiian  or  adjacent  islands,  has  on  examination  proved  to  be  Japanese, 
and  no  single  instance  of  any  Chinese  vessel  has  ever  been  reported,  nor  is 
any  believed  to  have  existed. 

This  may  be  explained  by  the  existence  of  theKuro  Shi  wo,  literally  "  black 
stream,"  a  gulf  stream  of  warm  water,  which  sweeps  northeasterly  past  Japan 
toward  the  Kurile  and  Aleutian  Islands,  thence  curving  around  and  passing 
south  along  the  coast  of  Alaska,  Oregon  and  California.  This  stream,  it  is 
fouad,  has  swept  these  junks  toward  America  at  an  average  rate  of  fully 
ten  miles  a  day. 

There  also  exists  an  ocean  stream  of  cold  water,  emerging  from  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  which  sets  south  close  in  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia.  This  fully 
accounts  for  the  absence  of  Chinese  junks  on  the  Pacific,  as  vessels  disabled 
off  their  coast  would  naturally  drift  southward. 

A  noticeable  feature  is  the  large  number  of  disasters  on  the  coast  of  Japan 
in  the  month  of  January,  during  which  season  the  strong  northeast  monsoons 
blow  the  wrecks  directly  off  shore  into  the  Kuro  Shi  wo. 

The  climate  of  Japan  is  temperate,  with  the  exception  of  the  extreme  north- 
ern provinces,  where  intense  cold  prevails  and  where  snow  is  abundant;  and 
the  extreme  southern  provinces,  whose  climate  is  very  warm. 

About  the  year  1639  the  Japanese  Government  ordered  all  junks  to  be  built 
with  open  sterns,  and  large  square  rudders,  unfit  for  ocean  navigation,  hoping 


8  JAPANESE    WRECKS    IN    THE 

thereby  to  keep  their  jDeojDle  isolated  within  their  own  islands.  Once  forced 
from  the  coast  by  stress  of  weather,  these  rudders  are  soon  washed  away, 
when  the  vessels  naturally  fall  off  into  the  trough  of  the  sea,  and  roll  their 
masts  out.  The  number,  of  which  no  record  exists,  which  have  thus  suffered 
during  the  past  nineteen  centuries  niust  be  very  large,  probably  many 
thousand  vessels. 

Among  Japanese  mariners,  the  fear  of  being  thus  blown  off  their  coast,  has 
been  an  ever-threatening  danger;  and  the  memory  of  such  time-honored 
accidents,  is  a  common  feature  in  the  traditions  of  every  seaport  settlement 
along  the  eastern  coast  of  Japan. 

By  the  Government  Census,  taken  in  187-i,  the  total  population  of  Japan 
was  33,300,675  souls,  and  there  were  22,670  registered  sailing  vessels  of  Jap- 
anese style,  (junks)  of  from  8  to  383  tons,  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade. 
The  crews  of  ordinary  trading  junks  average  from  eight  to  twelve  men  each. 

In  the  sixteenth  year  of  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Suizin,  B.  C.  81, 
merchant  ships  and  ships  of  war  are  first  spoken  of  as  built  in  Jaj)an. 

Under  the  Shogoon  lyemitsu,  about  1639,  edicts  commanded  the  destruction 
of  all  boats  built  upon  any  foreign  model,  and  forbade  the  building  of  vessels 
of  any  size  or  shape  superior  to  that  of  the  present  junk. 

By  the  imperial  decree  of  1637,  Japanese  who  had  left  their  country  and 
been  abroad,  were  not  allowed  to  return,  death  being  the  penalty  for  traveling 
abroad,  studying  foreign  languages,  introducing  foreign  customs,  or  believing 
in  Christianity. 

The  Empire  of  Japan  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  is  composed  of  four  large  islands  and  of  a  great  number  of  smaller 
ones.  It  faces  to  the  northwest  the  Kingdom  of  Corea,  and  is  separated  from 
it  by  the  Japan  sea.  To  the  northeast  the  archipelago  of  Chijima  (Kurile 
Islands)  extends  towards  Kamsehatka.  At  the  southwest  the  Liu  Kiu  Islands 
are  situated  opposite  the  Island  of  Formosa. 

Its  whole  length,  extending  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  empire,  meas- 
ures more  than  500  Bis  (about  1225  English  miles),  and  its  breadth  varies 
from  20  to  60  Bis  (about  73%  to  146  English  miles.)  Its  total  area  is  23,740 
Square  Bis. 

The  sources  of  information  at  command  have  been  exceptionally  good. 
During  seventeen  j^ears,  in  which  I  represented  the  Government  of  Japan  at 
this  port,  it  has  been  my  pleasure  to  devote  much  critical  attention  to  the 
subject  of  Japanese  wrecks,  picked  up  adrift  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean  and 
stranded  upon  the  northwest  coast  of  America  and  its  various  outlying 
islands,  and  those  of  the  chain  extending  from  Hawaii  towards  Niphon. 
Besides  keeping  a  detailed  record  of  all  wrecks  reported  during  this  period,  I 
have  also  collected  and  verified  many  cases  of  earlier  reports,  which  although 
still  extant,  were  likely  to  be  overlooked. 

In  at  least  37  of  the  cases  quoted,  I  have  either  seen  the  saved,  or  received 
a  personal  account  from  those  who  were  themselves  witnesses,  Hawaiian 
and  Japanese  traditions  I  have  myself  gathered  in  those  countries. 

In  March,  1860,  I  took  an  Indian  boy  on  board  the  Japanese  steam  corvette 
Kanrin-maru,  where  a  comparison  of  Coast-Indian  and  pure  Japanese  words 
was  made  at  my  request,  by  Fukuzawa  Ukitchy,   then  Admiral's  Secretary; 


NORTH    PACIFIC    OCEAN.  9 

the  result  of  which  I  prepared  for  the  press,  and  it  was  at  that  time  published 
in  the  Evening  Bulletin,  suggesting  further  linguistic  investigation. 

The  following  examples  submitted  for  consideration  to  the  Academy,  fairly 
illustrate  the  subject  in  its  various  phases; — 

1.  In  Mr.  Hubert  H.  Bancroft's  unparalleled  collection  of  ancient  books 
and  valuable  manuscripts  relating  to  the  early  history  of  the  native  races  of 
the  Pacific  States,  mention  is  made  of  several  Japanese  vessels  reported  in 
some  of  the  Spanish-American  ports  on  the  Pacific.  In  1617  a  Japanese  junk 
belonging  to  Magome,  was  at  Acapulco. 

In  1613,  June  10th,  the  British  ship  Clove,  Capt.  John  Saris,  arrived  at 
Nagasaki,  having  on  board  one  Japanese,  picked  up  from  the  island  of 
Bantam. 

2.  "In  1685,"  w^e  read,  "  the  Portuguese  tried  for  the  last  time  to  re-es- 
tablish their  trade  by  sending  back  a  number  of  shipwrecked  Japanese, 
picked  up  adrift,  to  their  own  country.  The  Japanese  did  liot  molest  them, 
but  strictly  prohibited  their  re-appearance  on  the  Coast  of  Japan." 

3.  In  1694,  a  Japanese  junk  from  Osaka  was  driven  by  adverse  winds 
and  weather  and  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Kamschatka,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Opala,  on  the  south  of  Bolschaia  Keka.  The  only  survivor  was  after- 
wards taken  to  Moscow. 

Muller,  in  his  "  Voyages  from  Asia  to  America,"  published  in  1761,  re- 
marks that  when  in  1696  the  Eussians  reported  the  above,  they  said:  "we 
have  learned  of  several  other  instances  of  Japanese  wrecks  previously  strand- 
ed on  the  coast  of  Kamschatka." 

4.  In  1710,  a  Japanese  junk  was  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Kamschatka,  in 
Kaligirian  bay,  north  of  Awatscha.  Ten  i)ersons  landed  safely,  of  which  four 
were  killed  and  six  taken  captive  in  an  encounter  with  Kamschadels.  Subse- 
quently four  of  the  captives  fell  into  Russian  hands,  and  one  named  Sanima, 
was  sent  in  1714  to  St.  Petersburg. 

5.  On  the  8th  of  July,  1729,  a  Japanese  junk  called  the  Waka-shiina  of 
Satsuma,  in  distress,  after  having  been  driven  about  at  sea  for  six  months, 
was  finally  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Kamschatka,  south  of  Awatscha  bay,  and 
17  of  her  crew  were  saved.  She  was  loaded  with  cotton  and  silk  stuffs, 
rice  and  paper;  the  two  latter  articles  shipped  by  Matsudaira  Osumi-no-kami, 
(Prince  of  Satsuma)  were  government  property. 

A  petty  Russian  officer  named  Schtinnikovv,  desiring  to  plunder  the  cargo, 
had  fifteen  of  the  survivors  shot;  for  which  crime  he  was  subsequently  con- 
demned and  hung.  The  two  remaining,  an  old  merchant  named  Sosa  and  a 
young  pilot  Gonsa,  were  sent  to  Irkutz  in  1721,  and  thence  via  Tobolsk,  they 
reached  St.  Petersburg  in  1732,  where  one  died  in  1736,  the  other  in  1739. 

6.  In  1782  a  Japanese  junk  was  wrecked  upon  the  Aleutian  Islands,  from 
which  the  survivors  were  taken  in  one  of  the  Russian-American  Com- 
pany's vessels  to  the  town  of  Ochotsk,  and  thence  to  the  inland  city  of  Ir- 
kutsk. In  1792,  the  Governor-General  of  Siberia  ordered  the  transport  Cath- 
erine, then  at  Ochotsk,  to  return  these  men  to  their  native  country.  The 
Russian  vessel,  after  wintering  in  a  harbor  at  the  north  end  of  Yeso,  pro- 
ceeded to  the  port  of  Hakodate,  where  the  Japanese  officials  politely  but 


10  JAPANESE    WRECKS    IN    THE 

firmly  refused  to  allow  their  countrymea  to  land.     They  were  subsequently 
returned  to  Siberia. 

7.  Among  items  of  history  mentioned  in  Japanese  records,  I  find  that  in 
October,  1804,  a  Russian  frigate  commanded  by  Capt.  Krusenstern,  conveying 
Count  Eesanoff,  as  Ambassador  of  the  Czar,  brought  back  to  Nagasaki  five 
Japanese  seamen,  being. part  of  a  crew  of  fifteen  rescued  from  a  stranded  junk; 
the  other  ten  preferred  to  remain  in  Siberia. 

8.  In  1805,  a  Japanese  junk  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Alaska,  near 
Sitka;  the  seamen  were  quartered  on  Japonski  Island,  whence  they  were 
taken  by  the  Russians,  and  finally  landed  on  the  Coast  of  Yeso  in  1806, 

9.  In  1812,  Capt.  Ricord,  commanding  the  Russian  sloop-of-war  Diana, 
took  seven  Japanese,  six  of  whom  were  seamen  recently  shipwrecked  in  a 
junk  on  the  coast  of  Kamschatka,  in  the  hope  of  exchanging  them  for  seven 
captive  Russians,  confined  in  Japan.  Being  unable  to  land,  they  were 
returned  to  Kamschatka,  reaching  there  October  12th.  The  Diana  made  a 
second  attempt,  and  finally  succeeded  August  16th,  1813,  in  landing  these 
Japanese  at  Kunashie  Bay,  the  20th  Kurile,  and  eff'ected  the  liberty  of  the 
Russian  Capt.  Golownin  and  his  associates. 

10.  In  1813,  the  Brig  Forrester,  Captain  John  Jennings,  when  in  latitude 
49^  N,,  longitude  1283W.,  rescued  the  captain  and  two  seaman  from  a  dis- 
masted junk,  timber  laden,  when  18  months  from  Yeso,  bound  to  Niphon. 
Thirty-five  men  were  on  board,  of  whom  thirtj^-two  died  of  hunger.  They 
were  delivered  to  the  Russians,  who  undertook  to  return  them  to  Japan. 

11.  Captain  Alexander  Adams,  formerly  pilot  at  Honolulu,  relates  that 
March  24,  1815,  in  latitude  320  45' N.,  longitude  1260  57'  W.,  when  sailing 
master  of  brig  Forrester,  Captain  Piggott,  and  cruising  ofi"  Santa  Barbara,  Cal- 
ifornia, he  sighted  at  sunrise  a  Japanese  junk  drifting  at  the  mercy  of  the 
winds  and  waves.  Her  rudder  aud  masts  were  gone.  Although  blowing  a 
gale,  he  boarded  the  junk,  and  found  fourteen  dead  bodies  in  the  hold,  the 
captain,  carpenter,  and  one  seaman  alone  surviving;  took  them  on  board, 
where  by  careful  nursing  they  were  well  in  a  few  days.  They  were  on  a  V03'- 
age  from  Osaka  to  Yedo,  and  were  17  months  out,  having  been  dismasted  in 
consequence  of  losing  their  rudder. 

12.  In  1820,  a  junk  was  cast  upon  Point  Adams,  the  southern  shore  of  the 
mouth  of  Columbia  river.  The  vessel,  which  was  laden  with  wax,  went  to 
pieces,  and  the  crew,  many  in  number,  landed  safely. 

13.  A  junk  was  wrecked  on  Queen  Charlotte's  Island,  in  1831. 

14.  December  23,  1832,  at  mid-day,  a  junk  in  distress  cast  anchor  near  the 
harbor  of  Waialua,  on  the  shores  of  Oahu.  She  was  from  a  southern  port  of 
Japan,  bound  to  Yedo  with  a  cargo  of  fish;  lost  her  rudder  and  was  dismasted 
in  a  gale,  since  which  she  had  drifted  for  eleven  months.  Five  out  of  her 
crew  of  nine  had  died.  December  30th,  she  started  for  Honolulu,  but  was 
stranded  on  a  reef  off  Barber's  Point  on  the  evening  of  January  1,    1833. 

The  four  survivors  were  taken  to  Honolulu,  where,  after  remaining  eigh- 
teen months,  they  were  forwarded  to  Kamschatka,  whence  they  hoped  to 
work  their  way  south  through  the  northern  islands  of  the  group  into  their 
own  country.     This  junk  was  about  80  tons  burden.     According  to  the  tra- 


NORTH    PACIFIC    OCEAN.  11 

ditions  of  the  islands,  several  such  junks  had  been  wrecked  upon   Hawaii, 
before  the  islands  were  discovered  by  Captain  Cook. 

15,  16.  In  1833,  a  Japanese  junk  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Washington 
Territory,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Cape  Flattery.  Many  of  her  crew 
had  perished,  and  several  dead  bodies  were  found  headed  up  in  firkins,  in 
customary  Japanese  style,  ready  for  burial.  Out  of  17  persons,  the  only 
survivors,  two  men  and  a  boy,  were  rescued  from  the  Indians,  by  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  vessel  Lama,  Captain  McNeal,  who  took  them  to  England, 
touching  at  Honolulu  on  their  way.  Thence  they  proceeded  to  Canton, 
where  they  arrived  in  1836,  and  stopped  with  Karl  Gutzlaff,  who  learned  their 
language,  and  intended  accompanying  them  to  Japan.  In  1837,  they  left 
Macao  in  the  American  brig  Morrison,  dispatched  by  Clarence  A.  King  for 
Yedo  bay,  to  bear  them  home.  Being  fired  upon,  July  27,  and  prevented 
from  landing,  she  sailed  for  Kagosima,  where,  being  equally  unsuccessful, 
she  finally  returned  with  the  men  to  Macao.  The  Morrison,  on  whom  Samuel 
W.  Williams  and  Dr.  Peter  Parker  were  passengers,  also  had  on  board  four 
other  Japanese  seamen,  rescued  from  a  disabled  Japanese  junk,  which  had 
drifted  a  long  time  at  sea,  until  finally  stranded  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  whence  the  survivors  were  forwarded  to  Macao,  to  be  re- 
turned to  Japan. 

17.  In  1839,  a  wrecked  junk  was  boarded  by  Captain  Cathcart  of  the 
American  whale  ship  James  Loper,  drifting  in  latitude  30^  N.,  longitude  174° 
W.,  or  about  half  way  between  Japan  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

18.  In  the  Polynesian,  October  17,  1840.  published  at  Honolulu,  I  find: 
"  The  Japanese  who  took  passage  in  the  Harlequin  remained  at  Kamschatka 
under  the  protection  of  the  Governor  awaiting  an  opportunity  of  returning  to 
their  native  country." 

Note. — In  1834,  the  brig  Harlequin  conveyed  to  Petropaulski  from  Hon- 
olulu 18  Japanese  taken  from  wrecks,  who  had  remained  18  months  at  Hon- 
olulu.    They  were  finally  returned  to  Japan  by  Eussian  officials. 

In  1840,  Mr.  Nathaniel  Savory,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  residing  at  Port 
Lloyd,  Bonin  Islands,  reports  a  Japanese  junk  of  about  40  tons,  laden  with 
dried  fish,  entered  that  harbor  in  distress,  having  been  driven  from  her  course 
along  the  coast  of  Japan  through  stress  of  weather,  with  her  jorovisions  ex- 
hausted. They  repaired  the  damage  to  the  junk  during  that  winter,  and  she 
sailed  in  the  spring  for  Japan.  Had  these  islands  been  uninhabited,  this 
case  would  have  added  another  to  the  list  of  wrecks. 

19.  In  1841,  a  fishing  junk  from  the  southeast  part  of  Niphon  was  wrecked 
on  an  uninhabited  island,  where  the  three  survivors  remained  six  months, 
until  taken  off  by  Captain  Whitfield,  master  of  the  American  whale  ship  John 
Howland,  and  brought  to  Honolulu,  where  Denzo  and  Goemon  remained, 
while  Nakahama  Manjiro  went  to  the  United  States,  and  was  educated  by 
Captain  Whitfield.  After  being  there  several  years  he  returned  to  Honolulu 
where  he  found  his  former  companions,  and  embarked  January,  1851,  on  the 
Sarah  Boyd,  Captain  Whitmore,  bound  for  Shanghai,  taking  with  them  a 
whale-boat  called  the  Adventure,  with  a  fall  rig  and  outfit.  When  off  the 
Grand  Liu-Kiu,  the  three  Japanese  effected  a  landing  and  the  ship  proceeded 
without  stopping.     Hence  they  finally  reached  Kiushiu  and  Nagasaki,  in  the 


12  JAPANESE    WRECKS    IN    THE 

junk  which  bears  the  annual  tribute  money  from  Liu-Kiu  to  Japan.  Man- 
jiro  afterwards  translated  Bowditch's  Navigator  into  Japanese,  and  visited 
San  Francisco  as  sailing-master  of  the  Japanese  steam  corvette  Kanrin-mara, 
which  arrived  there  March  17th,  1860. 

20.  In  1815,  the  United  States  Frigate  St.  Louis  took  from  Mexico  to  Ning- 
po,  in  China,  three  shipwreck  Japanese,  being  survivors  of  the  crew  of  a  junk 
which  had  drifted  from  the  coast  of  Japan,  entirely'  across  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  finally  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  where  they  remained  two  years. 
The  Chinese  authorities  were  willing  to  receive  these  men  and  return  them  to 
their  native  country  by  their  annual  junk,  which  sails  from  Cheefoo  to  Naga- 
saki; but  the  Japanese  objected  to  their  landing,  owing  to  the  law  of  1637. 

In  184:5,  the  JajJanese  authorities  informed  Sir  Edward  Belcher,  command- 
ing H.B.S.  Samarang,  that  they  would  not  receive  returned  Japanese  from 
abroad,  but  "had  sent  a  junk-full  back  to  the  Emperor  of  Chiua,"  to  whose 
country  they  had  gone  to  obtain  return  passages  by  the  annual  junk  permitted 
from  Cheefoo  to  Nagasaki.  The  above  leads  to  the  inference  that  the 
Saniarang  may  have  had  shipw^recked  Japanese  seamen  on  board. 

21.  In  1845,  April  1st,  Captain  Mercator  Cooper,  of  Sag  Harbor,  when  in 
the  American  whale  ship  Manhattan,  rescued  eleven  shipwrecked  Japanese 
mariners  from  St.  Peters,  a  small  island  lying  a  few  degrees  southeast  of  Nip- 
hon,  and  took  them  to  Yedo  Bay,  where  they  were  received  undt;r  exception. 
Captain  Cooper  is  also  reported  to  have  fallen  in  with  a  sinking  junk,  from 
which  he  rescued  as  many  more  Japanese  seamen.  [See  Dr.  C.  F.  Winslow's 
account  in  Friend  of  Februarj^  2d,  1846.] 

22.  In  1847,  a  French  whaleship  while  cruising  off  Stapleton  Island, 
sighted  a  fire-signal  on  the  shore,  and  sent  a  boat  to  the  relief  of  five  Japanese 
sailors,  who  were  in  a  helpless  plight;  the  only  survivors  of  a  crew,  whose  dis- 
abled junk  lay  stranded  on  the  beach  of  a  small  bay.  Later,  about  1853,  a 
party  of  officers  from  the  U.  S.  steam  frigate  Susquehanna  landed  and  sur- 
veyed this  wreck,  which  they  then  described  as  "  still  partly  kept  together  by 
large  nails  of  coiaper,  and  portions  of  sheets  of  metal.  Her  planks,  fastened 
together  at  the  edge,  were  but  little  rubbed  or  decayed." 

23.  In  1847,  April  21st,  the  Bremen  ship  Otahelte,  Captain  Weitung,  when 
in  lat.  35^  N.,  long.  156^  E.,  fell  in  with  a  Japanese  junk  in  distress,  which 
had  lost  her  rudder  and  had  been  driven  off  the  coast  of  Japan  in  a  gale  No- 
vember, 1846,  and  had  drifted  five  months.  Took  off  the  crew,  consisting  of 
nine  men,  also  six  tons  of  wax.  She  was  about  80  tons  burden  and  chiefly  lad- 
en with  paper  belonging  to  Osaka,  and  bound  north.  Captain  Weitung  kept 
them  on  board  four  weeks,  and  May  19th,  1847,  put  them  on  board  a  junk  in 
the  Straits  of  Matsmai.  [See  Polynesian,  October  17,  1847,  and  Friend,  Dec- 
ember 2,  1847.] 

24.  In  1848,  Captain  Cox  of  New  London,  Conn.,  picked  up  fifteen  of 
twenty  Japanese  seamen  from  a  disabled  junk  in  lat.  40°  N.,  long.  170^  W., 
and  kept  them  on  board  six  months  during  a  cruise  in  the  Ochotsk  sea,  and 
finally  landed  them  at  Lahaina,  where  they  remained  six  or  eight  months. 

25.  In  1850,  during  the  autumn,  S.  Sentharo,  Toro  and  J.  Heco — the  lat- 
ter then  aged  13  years — left  Osaka  in  a  junk  for  Yedo.  After  discharging 
and  reloading  they  started  to  return  via  Woragawa.     After  leaving  the  latter 


NORTH    PACIFIC    OCEAN.  13 

place  their  rudder  was  disabled  and  they  lost  their  mast  and  drifted  out  to 
sea.  riTty  days  later  the  wreck  was  fallen  in  with  by  the  American  bark  Auk- 
l(i)id,  Captain  Jennings,  who  took  off  and  brought  the  crew  of  17  persons  to 
San  Francisco,  in  February,  1851.  They  were  quartered  on  board  the  U.  S. 
revenue  cutter,  and  cared  for  by  order  of  the  Collector  of  the  Port.  Our  citi- 
zens generally  took  much  interest  in  them.  The  Japanese  were  subsequently 
embarked  on  the  U.  S.  sloop  *S'^.  Mary's  and  conveyed  to  Hongkong,  where 
15  were  transferred  to  the  U.  S.  steamer  Susquehanna  to  await  the  arrival  of 
Commodore  Perry  and  his  expedition.  Heco  and  the  second  mate,  Toro,  re- 
turned to  San  Francisco  on  the  bark  Sarah  Hooper,  reaching  there  in  the 
autumn  of  1852.  Sentharo  returned  with  Kev.  Mr.  Goble,  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Japan,  and  also  Toro  returned  in  the  American  bark  MelUa  to  Hako- 
date from  San  Francisco,  via  Honolulu,  April  19,  1859. 

Toro  was  for  a  while  clerk  with  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  and  Joseph  Heco, 
clerk  with  Macondray  &  Co.  Heco  was  subsequently  appointed  for  duty  on 
the  United  States  Surveying  Schooner  Fennimore  Cooper,  about  1858-59,  and 
left  her  at  Honolulu,  on  account  of  sickness,  but  finally  returned  to  Yedo,  on 
the  United  States  steamer  Mississippi.     [See  Evening  Bulletin,  June,  1862.] 

26.  In  1850,  April  22d,  in  lat.  450  N.  long.  155°  E.,  the  American  whale 
ship  Henry  Kneeland,  Clark,  master,  fell  in  with  a  Japanese  junk  having  13 
persons  on  board.  The  vessel  left  Yedo  for  Kuno,  but  lost  her  rudder  and 
was  dismasted;  then  drifted  to  sea,  and  had  been  at  the  mercy  of  the  winds 
and  currents  for  sixty-six  days,  during  forty  of  which  they  had  subsisted  on 
fish  and  snow  water.  The  Captain  and  two  seamen  came  to  Honolulu  on  the 
H.  K.;  two  of  the  crew  were  transferred  to  the  Marengo;  six  were  taken  to 
Petropaulski  and  taken  charge  of  by  the  Kussian  authorities,  and  two  came 
to  Honolulu  by  the  Nimrod.  [See  Friend,  October  15,  1850;  also  Friend, 
November],  1850.] 

Note. — In  1851,  by  Japanese  records  I  find  that  five  Japanese  seamen  from 
Honolulu  via  China  arrived  at  Nagasaki — probably  the  above. 

27.  In  1851,  a  Japanese  junk  was  cast  away  upon  Atka  Island,  and  only 
three  of  the  crew  survived. 

28.  In  1852,  April  15th,  in  lat.  31o  N.,  long.  150O  E.,  about  300  miles  N. 
N.  E.  of  Guam,  Captain  "West,  in  the  American  whaleship  Isaac  Howland, 
fell  in  with  a  .small  Japanese  junk  in  ballast.  The  four  men  on  board  had 
but  a  little  oil  to  sustain  life,  and  were  much  emaciated.  Their  tiller  was 
lashed,  and  the  vessel  having  been  forty-nine  days  out  of  their  reckoning,  the 
crew  had  given  themselves  up  to  die.  Two  of  these  men  Captain  West  took 
to  the  Atlantic  States,  and  two  were  transferred  to  an  American  whaler  about 
to  cruise  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Japanese  Islands. 

29.  In  March,  1853,  the  American  ship  John  Gilpin,  Captain  Doane,  passed 
a  water-logged  wreck  of  a  junk,  her  deck  awash  with  the  water,  in  lat.  18° 
— '  N.,  long.  1453 — '  E.,  just  beyond  Pagan  and  Origan  Islands.  Large 
numbers  of  fish  were  around  the  wreck.  There  were  no  survivors  on  board. 
She  had  every  appearance  of  having  been  a  very  long  time  in  the  water. 

30.  In  1853,  Captain  C.  M.  Scammon  discovered  the  wreck  of  a  Japanese 
junk,  on  the  southwest  or  largest  of  the  San  Bonito  grouj)  of  Islands,  off 


14  JAPANESE   WRECKS   IN   THE 

Lower  California,  in  lat.  28CN.,  long.  1160  W.,  and  near  Cedros  Island.    [See 
Alta,  April  22,  I860.] 

Her  planks  were  fastened  together  on  the  edges  with  spikes  or  bolts  of  a  flat 
shape,  with  all  of  the  head  on  one  side.  The  seams  were  not  quite  straight, 
although  the  workmanship  otherwise  was  good.  That  portion  of  the  ^^*reckin 
sight,  was  principally  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  and  gave  evidence  of  having 
been  a  long  time  on  shore.     [Extract  from  Captain  Scammon's  log.] 

31.  In  1854,  August  14th,  just  after  Commodore  Perry's  departure,  the 
American  ship  Lady  Pierce,  Captain  Burrows,  arrived  at  Simoda  from  San 
Francisco  via  Honolulu  June  2,  1854.  She  returned  Diyonoske  to  Japan,  who 
was  the  sole  survivor  of  a  crew  of  fifteen  men,  and  was  picked  off  from  a 
drifting  junk  near  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  after  being  seven  months  helpless 
at  sea.     He  had  resided  some  time  in  San  Francisco. 

32.  In  1855,  Captain  Brooks,  in  American  brig  Leverett,  which  arrived  her 
from  Ayai),  Siberia.  November  29th,  picked  up  an  abandoned  junk  in  lat.  420 
N.,  long.  170^  W.,  about  900  miles  from  the  American  Coast. 

33.  In  1856,  the  American  bark  Messenger  Bird,  Captain  Homer,  reported 
a  disabled  junk  at  Guam,  Ladrone  Islands. 

34.  In  1856,  Captain  Jno.  C.  Lawton,  in  the  brig  Prince  de  Joinville,  while 
getting  guano  at  Cedros  and  adjacent  islands,  reported  a  Japanese  wreck,  seen 
near  Magdalena  Bay. 

35.  In  1858,  the  U.S.  surveying  schooner  Fennlmore  Cooper,  Lieut.  John 
M.  Brooke,  U.S.N,  commanding,  sailed  from  Honolulu  for  a  cruise  along  the 
chain  of  islands  extending  thence  towards  Japan.  He  had  on  board  a  Japan- 
ese seaman  named  Marsa-Kitchi,  whom  he  landed  at  Kanagawa.  The  junk 
from  which  this  man  was  taken,  was  disabled  at  sea  while  engaged  in  the 
coasting  trade,  and  her  crew  were  forced  to  put  her  before  the  wind,  heading 
to  the  eastward,  a  direction  in  which  they  were  forced  against  their  will.  To 
drevent  drifting  too  rapidly,  they  lowered  their  anchor  in  the  open  sea  to  act 
as  a  drag,  paying  out  their  full  length  of  cable,  and  thus  allowed  it  to  remain 
until  it  finally  parted. 

36.  Ina858,  May  19th,  the  British  ship  Caribean,  when  in  lat.  43-  40'  N., 
long.  171^  E.,  about  1,600  miles  from  the  coast  of  Japan,  fell  in  with  a  dis- 
masted junk,  which  had  carried  away  her  rudder,  and  had  been  about  five 
months  floating  helplessly  at  sea.  The  captain,  mate  and  ten  seamen  were 
rescued  and  brought  to  San  Francisco,  where  they  arrived  June  7,  1858. 
They  were  cared  for  by  Captain  Winchester,  who  took  them  in  the  Carihean 
to  Vancouver  Island,  whence  he  was  bound  for  China,  but  having  met  a  Brit- 
ish war  vessel  off  Japan,  the  rescued  men  were  transferred  to  her,  and  thus 
lauded  at  a  Japanese  port. 

The  junk  was  loaded  with  barley  and  rice,  and  barnacles  two  feet  long  were 
reported  found  upon  the  wreck. 

The  British  Government  presented  £400  to  Captain  Winchester  as  a  reward 
and  in  reimbursement  of  his  necessary  outlays. 

37.  In  1859,  the  bark  <ianibia.  Captain  Brooks,  found  the  remains  of  a 
Japanese  junk  on  Ocean  Island,  lat.  28^  24'  N.,  long.  178^21'  W. 

38.  39.     In  1859,  July  4th,  the  remains  of  two  stranded  junks,   with  lower 


NORTH    PACIFIC    OCEAN.  15. 

masts  high  on  the  beach,  were  found  on  the  east  or   lagoon  side  of  Brooks 
Island,  lat.  280  11'  N.  long.  177o  18'  to  25'  W. 

40.  May  11th,  1862,  the  bark  Yankee,  Captain  Claxton,  passed  in  lat.  25^ 
39'  N.,  long.  1380  24'  W.,  a  wreck  with  the  stump  of  one  mast  only  standing, 
of  which  the  wood  was  quite  black  with  age.  The  junk  was  water-logged, 
and  the  sea  washing  entirely  over  her.  Being  satisfied  there  was  no  life  upon 
her,  and  a  heavy  sea  running,  did  not  board;  passed  her  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  to  windward,  and  the  Yankee  kept  on  her  course. 

41.  In  1862,  a  Japanese  junk  was  stranded  m  September  near  Attu.  They 
had  drifted  in  distress  for  90  days,  and  out  of  a  crew  of  twelve  only  three  sur- 
vived. These  were  taken  in  1863  to  Nicolaefsky,  Amoor  river,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Hakodate  by  a  Russian  war  vessel. 

42.  In  1862,  May  4th,  the  ship  Victor,  Captain  Crowell,  arrived  at  San 
Francisco,  with  the  captain,  ofl&cers  and  crew,  eleven  in  number,  of  the  Jap- 
anese junk  lo-maru,  from  Kanagawa,  December  21,  1861,  for  Owari  and 
Hiogo.  On  January  5,  1862,  was  disabled  and  drifted  from  land.  Was  about 
three  months  at  the  mercy  of  winds  and  currents,  until  picked  up  April  13th, 
1862,  in  lat.  33-^  N.,  long.  1610  26'  E.,  by  the  Victor.  They  were  cared  for 
by  Mr.  Brooks,  Japanese  Consul,  and  by  him  returned  to  Japan,  in  the 
American  schooner  Caroline  E.  Foote,  for  Hakodate. 

43.  A  Japanese  junk  drifted  past  Baker's  Island,  lat.  0°  13'  N.,  long.  176° 
22'  W.,  some  time  in  1863.  Boats  were  sent  out  and  towed  it  on  to  the 
beach.     There  were  four  Japanese  bodies  on  board;   all  were  dead. 

44.  In  1864,  February  4th,  on  Providence  Island,  lat.  9-  52'  N.,  long.  160^ 
65'  E.,  on  the  Lagoon  shore  of  the  island  was  seen  the  portions  of  a  vessel 
which  had  been  many  years  a  wreck.  Scattered  along  the  outer  shore  were 
many  redwood  logs,  some  of  them  of  great  size. 

45.  In  April,  1869,  an  abandoned  junk  was  stranded  on  Adakh,  one  of  the 
Aleutian  Isles. 

46.  In  1870,  in  October,  the  San  Salvador  ship  Louisa  Canovera,  Captain 
Demoro,  when  in  lat.  370  46'N.,  and  long.  158^10'  E.,  fell  in  with  a  dis- 
masted junk,  laden  with  rice,  having  four  dead  bodies  on  board,  and  no  living 
persons.  The  papers  and  effects  were  taken  and  delivered  to  the  Japanese 
Consul  at  San  Francsico,  and  by  him  returned  to  Japan,  November,  1870. 

47.  48,  49.  In  July,  1871,  the  old  chief  at  Attu  Island,  aged  70  years,  re- 
ported that  three  Japanese  junks  had  been  lost  upon  the  surrounding  islets, 
during  his  recollection,  besides  one  stranded  not  far  from  the  harbor  of  that 
island  in  1862. 

50.  In  1871,  February  2d,  in  lat.  33^45'  N.,  long.  141o  31'  E.,  about  150 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Japan,  the  American  ship  Annie  M.  Smull,  Captain 
Packer,  fell  in  with  the  Japanese  junk  Sumi-yoshi-maru,  of  Kiushiu,  and 
rescued  the  Captain  and  three  surviving  seamen,  and  landed  them  at  San 
Francisco,  February  24,  1871.  They  sailed  from  Shiroko,  province  of  Ise, 
January  17,  1871,  for  Dai  Osaki,  with  a  cargo  of  wood.  Two  days  later  they 
were  disabled,  and  drifted  to  sea,  and  were  picked  up  seventeen  days  later. 

51.  In  1871,  May  23d,  in  lat.  340  54'  N.,  long.  143-32'  E.,  Pacific  Mail 
steamship  China,  Captain  Cobb,  rescued  five  Japanese  seamen  from  the  dis- 
abled junk  Sumi-ayee-maru,   of  Kobe.     Eleven  out  of  sixteen  originally  on 


16  JAPANESE    WRECKS   IN    THE 

board  died  upon  the  wreck,  and  the  captain  of  the  junk  died  on  the  steamer 
after  being  rescued.  They  were  cared  for  by  Mr.  Brooks,  who  returned  them 
to  Yokohama,  July  1,  1871,  and  the  government  presented  suitable  rewards. 

52.  In  1871,  the  Japanese  juuk  Jinko-maru,  of  Matsaka,  of  180  kokus 
measurement,  encountered  a  severe  gale  January  18,  1871,  while  going  from 
Ise  to  Kumano,  during  which  she  lost  her  rudder,  and  while  in  danger  of 
foundering  cut  away  her  masts.  The  junk  drifted  from  the  coast  of  Japan  in 
the  Kuro  Shiwo  for  2,500  miles  in  a  helpless  condition,  her  crew  keeping  a  fire 
and  living  on  rice,  and  fish  they  speared,  until  they  drifted  on  the  rocks  at 
Atka,  July  10th,  1871,  where,  by  means  of  ropes,  the  three  men  on  board 
landed  safely.  There  they  remained  until  September  19th,  1871,  when  they 
took  passage  by  schooner  H.  3f.  Hutchmion  for  Ounalaska  and  San  Francisco, 
whence  they  were  returned  to  Japan  by  the  Consul. 

53.  In  1873,  Captain  W.  B.  Cobb,  in  steamer  China,  rescued  the  crew 
from  a  wrecked  junk  in  lat.  — O  — '  N.,  long.  — o — '  E.,  and  landed  them  at 
Yokohama,  in  acknowledgment  for  which  the  usual  present  was  made  him  by 
the  Japanese  government. 

54.  A  junk  has  been  reported  as  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Alaska. 

55.  A  junk  was  cast  upon  the  windward  side  of  Kauaii,  one  of  the  Hawa- 
iian Islands,  and  the  survivors  landed  at  Hanalei  harbor. 

56.  An  old  resident  of  Petropaulski  informed  me  there  was  a  Japanese 
junk  stranded  below  that  harbor,  previous  to  1812,  where  many  years  since 
the  wreck  still  remained.     Six  of  the  crew  survived, 

57.  A  Japanese  wreck  was  sighted  adrift  below  San  Diego.  Reported  in 
the  Alta. 

58.  A  junk  was  wrecked  at  Nootka  Sound, 

59.  In  1875,  April  6th,  in  lat.  38^  02'N.,  long  164=  38'  E.,  American  ship 
Game  Cock,  Capt.  T,  C.  Stoddard,  fell  in  with  the  Japanese  junk  Wocmohi- 
maru,  of  about  80  tons,  dismasted,  with  her  stern  stove  and  rudder  gone, 
and  generally  in  a  helpless  condition,  and  rescued  therefrom  twelve  Japanese 
seamen.  The  junk  was  bound  from  Hakodate  to  Tokio,  with  a  cargo  of  salt 
fish  and  sea-weed,  when  on  December  3d  they  were  blown  off  shore  in  a 
severe  gale,  December  10th  they  again  made  the  land,  when  another  heavy 
gale  commenced  and  blew  the  junk  off  again,  December  19th  was  forced  to 
cut  away  the  mast  to  save  the  hull.  December  22d  raised  a  jury  mast  and 
got  under  way,  sailing  towards  Japan  whenever  the  wind  permitted;  at  other 
times  took  in  sail  and  drifted.  By  their  reckoning,  they  estimate  having 
thus  sailed  1500  miles  west,  principally  with  northeast  winds,  when,  April 
5th,  in  a  bad  sea,  they  carried  away  rudder,  and  soon  after  stove  stern.  At 
8  A.M.  the  following  day,  they  abandoned  the  wreck,  from  which  they  were 
rescued  by  the  Game  Cock,  and  landed  at  San  Francisco  April  28th,  and  were 
returned  to  Japan  by  Mr.  Takaki  May  1st,  per  Great  Repuhlic.  For  the  rescue 
and  kind  treatment  of  these  men,  the  Japanese  Government  presented  Capt. 
Stoddard  with  a  gold  chronometer  watch  through  His  Excellency  Yoshida 
Kiyonari,  their  Minister  at  Washington. 

60.  In  1876,  July  3d,  in  lat.  37^  10'  N.,  long.  167=  35'  E.,  British  barque 
Abhy  Coicper,  Capt.  Nelson,  fell  in  with  the  Japanese  junk  Eoki-maru,  of 
Otaru,  island  of  Yeso,  of  477  kokus  government  measurement,  equivalent  to 


NORTH    PACIFIC    OCEAN.  17 

atout  120  tons.  The  junk  was  dismasted  and  floating  in  a  helpless  condition . 
Sakaki-bara  Katsiibe,  mate,  and  Tomokitchi,  sailor,  the  only  survivors  of  12 
men,  were  rescued  from  the  wreck,  and  made  the  following  statement,  which 
is  very  interesting  as  an  illustration  of  many  doubtless  similar  struggles.  In 
October,  1875,  the  Junk  loaded  at  Shari  and  Abashiri,  on  the  northern 
coast  of  the  island  of  Yeso,  with  salted  salmon  and  preserved  roe  of  salmon. 
Left  latter  place  November  5th,  and  touched  at  Hakodate,  whence  they  sailed 
December  6th  for  Tokio,  Niphon.  On  the  9th,  when  on  the  east  coast  of 
Japan  between  lat.  390and  40^  N.,  and  about  long.  142-*  E..  a  severe  westerly 
gale  was  encountered.  December  12th  carried  away  mainmast.  Afterwards 
got  it  in  and  fished  it  with  a  piece  of  the  main  yard.  On  the  18th  carried  that 
mast  away,  and  the  yard  was  washed  overboard,  A  sea  soon  after  disabled 
the  rudder,  which  was  unshipped  and  taken  in,  the  vessel  in  the  meantime 
making  water  freely.  To  lighten  her,  300  kokus  of  cargo  (nearly  two-thirds), 
was  thrown  overboard.     From  this  time  the  vessel  floated  helplessly. 

Early  in  January,  1876,  fresh  water  gave  out,  and  all  the  rainwater  possible 
was  saved  and  used.  Then  three  seamen  were  taken  down  with  the  scurvy, 
which  soon  appeared  among  the  balance.  Towards  the  close  of  January,  fire- 
wood gave  out,  but  a  small  nucleus  of  fire  was  preserved  in  a  stove.  As  a  last 
resort,  the  junk's  boat  was  broken  up  for  firewood.  All  hands  subsisting  on 
a  little  rice  cooked  in  rain  water,  and  principally  on  salt  fish,  with  a  very 
small  allowance  of  water.  February  5th  Chojero  died — the  first  death. 
March  9th,  Capt.  Sato  Sangoro  died;  then  followed  Kitsaburo,  April  16th; 
Bunkichi,  21st;  Kizo,  24th;  Kenkitchi,  May  2d;  Skedjero,  2d;  Taske,  2d; 
Heihichi,  14th,  and  finally,  Matsutaro,  June  10th.  The  two  survivors,  anti- 
cipating a  similar  death,  lingered  until  the  forenoon  of  July  3d,  when  they 
sighted  a  vessel,  had  strength  enough  to  raise  a  signal,  and  were  rescued. 
They  caught  rain  May  24th,  after  nearly  all  had  died,  which  largely  assisted 
in  preserving  the  survivors.  They  also  caught  fifteen  large  fresh  fish  called 
bonita.  Before  the  captain  died,  he  wrote  and  handed  to  the  mate  letters  to 
his  family  and  owners,  describing  all  details.  The  two  survivors,  expecting 
death  themselves,  boxed  these  up,  with  the  ship's  papers,  and  fastened  them 
in  a  conspicuous  place,  whence  they  were  taken  and  preserved.  After  the 
death  of  each  person,  the  survivors  enclosed  their  bodies  in  a  Japanese  coffin 
suitably  inscribed,  and  stowed  them  in  the  hold  of  the  junk,  hoping  they 
might  reach  some  land  and  receive  burial.  The  survivors  reached  San 
Francisco  August  15th,  1876,  and  after  recuperating,  were  returned  to  Japan 
by  Mr.  Takaki.* 

Many  more  might  easily  be  added,  but  these  suffice  to  establish  many  facts 
valuable  to  science. 

The  annual  rainfall  of  Japan  averages  70.33  inches,  occurring  on  197.7 
days,  two-thirds  of  which  falls  between  April  and  October;  at  Tokio  the  ther- 
mometer varies  from  a  monthly  maximum  of  91o  Faht.  in  August,  to  a  min- 
imum of  20^  in  January,  averaging  580  22  for  the  year,  and  averages  48=^  33 
at  Hakodate,  where  the  average  number  of  hard  gales  per  annum  is  16.79. 
[See  Kaitakushi  Keports  and  Tables,  Tokio,  1875.] 

* — Note. — These  last  two  cases  laave  been  submitted  by  Mr.  Brooks  as  additions  to  the 
Ist  for  publication  since  the  reading  of  this  paper. 


18  JAPANESE   WRECKS    IN    THE 

The  presence  of  wrecks  so  far  sontli  near  the  equator,  indicates  that  they 
had  been  swept  northward  from  Japan  by  the  Kuro  Shiwo,  and  thence  south- 
ward along  the  northwest  coast  of  America  until  they  fell  into  the  equatorial 
westerly  current,  where,  in  company  with  redwood  logs,  and  drift-wood  from 
Oregon,  they  must  have  reached  these  islands  in  the  equatorial  belt. 

In  illustration  of  this  equatorial  current,  we  have  the  report  of  residents  of 
Christmas  Island,  which  speaks  of  a  westerly  current  setting  past  that  island 
at  the  rate  of  one  and  a-half  to  two  miles  an  hour.  August  23d,  1861,  there 
was  picked  up  on  the  shore  of  the  island  of  Niihau,  in  latitude  21-  50'  N., 
longitude  160-15'  W.,  a  bottle  containing  a  paper,  thrown  from  the  American 
ship  White  Swallow,  thrown  overboard  July  21st,  1861,  in  latitude  21-  30'  N., 
longitude  151^  55'  W.  It  had  made  a  nearly  due  west  drift  of  460  miles  in 
about  thirty-three  days.  This  shows  the  existence  of  a  very  powerful  westerly 
current  around  the  Hawaiian  Islands  of  about  14  miles  per  diem. 

In  1862,  September  10th,  an  enormous  Oregon  tree  about  150  feet  in  length 
and  fully  six  feet  in  diameter  above  the  butt,  drifted  past  the  island  of  Mauii, 
Hawaiian  Islands.  The  roots,  which  rose  ten  feet  out  of  water,  would  span 
about  25  feet.  Two  branches  rose  perpendicularly  20  to  25  feet.  Several  tons 
of  clayish  earth  were  embedded  among  its  roots.  Many  saw-logs  and  pieces 
of  drift-wood  came  ashore  in  this  vicinity  about  this  time.  These  were 
evidently  portions  of  the  immense  body  of  ship -timber  launched  upon  the 
Pacific  during  the  great  flood  of  the  previous  winter  along  the  American  coast. 
Their  almost  simultaneous  arrival  at  Mauii  in  September,  seems  to  indicate 
quite  accurately  the  force  and  direction  of  the  currents  in  this  ocean. 
Supposing  them  to  have  come  from  the  Columbia  River,  leaving  say  February 
18th,  1862,  and  to  have  drifted  2,800  miles,  they  must  have  drifted  at  an 
average  rate  of  14  miles  per  day  to  have  reached  Mauii  September  10th. 

"We  may  argue  from  the  above  that  there  were  other  ways  of  explaining  the 
similarity  of  flora  upon  many  islands  of  the  Pacific  and  the  high  terraces  of 
our  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  beside  the  hypothesis  of  an  intervening  conti- 
nent where  the  broad  Pacific  now  rests. 

There  is  a  strong  jDresumption  that  the  present  bed  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  may 
once  have  been  an  extended  valley,  submerged  by  some  abrupt  and  spasmodic 
catastrophe,  at  a  period  when  the  fiery  interior  of  the  earth  was  in  a  state  of 
inconceivable  agitation,  and  its  equilibrium  temporarily  disturbed.  Abundant 
ruptures  of  the  entire  combined  strata  of  its  crust  along  our  mountain  ranges, 
bear  indisputable  evidence,  in  prominences  tilted  up  and  raised  to  immense 
heights:  conditions  which  must  have  necessitated  corresponding  depressions, 
and  consequently  established  new  beds  for  water,  forming  new  islands, 
re-dividing  and  re-shaping  continents.  The  existing  shore  lines  of  enormous 
empty  basins,  the  pebble  and  cobble  stones  rounded  by  erotion,  at  present  in 
the  centre  of  this  continent  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  all  contribute 
testimony  of  some  great  change. 

The  spores  or  seeds  of  plants  may,  however,  have  been  more  recently 
transferred  by  clinging  to  the  earth  around  the  roots  of  such  mammoth  trees 
as  floated  from  the  high  latitudes  of  the  northwest  coast  of  America.  Once 
cast  upon  any  island  and  rooted,  they  would  soon  replant  and  extend  them- 
selves.    Driftwood  from  Columbia  River  and  Puget  Sound  distributed  itself 


NORTH  PACIFIC  OCEAN.  19 

throughout  the  North  Pacific,  and  the  windward  shores  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  are  literally  lined  with  it,  as  well  as  with  redwood  logs  of  formidable 
size. 

Small  parties  of  male  Japanese  have  repeatedly  reached  the  American 
continent  by  sea,  cast  upon  its  shores  after  floating  helplessly  for  months. 
Until  recently,  the  survivors  must  have  remained  permanently  near  where 
they  landed,  and  naturally  uniting  with  women  of  the  native  races,  have  left 
descendents  more  or  less  impressed  with  their  physical  peculiarities.  Such  a 
slow,  limited,  but  constant  infusion  of  Japanese  blood,  almost  entirely  from 
male  seamen,  was  undoubtedly  sufficient  to  modify  the  original  stock  of  all 
coast  tribes  along  our  north-western  shore.  No  marks  exist  of  any  immigra- 
tion en  masse,  neither  is  there  any  present  record  of  any  Japanese  woman 
saved  from  such  a  wreck,  although  cases  may  formerly  have  occurred,  but 
must  have  been  very  rare.  These  unfortunate  seamen,  often  illiterate,  and 
separated  from  their  sources  of  learning,  necessarily  lost  their  own  language; 
but  in  doing  so,  doubtless  contributed  many  isolated  words  to  the  Indian 
dialects  of  this  coast.  Many  shipwrecked  Japanese  have  informed  me  that 
they  were  enabled  to  communicate  with  and  understand  the  natives  of  Atka 
and  Adakh  Islands.  Quite  an  infusion  of  Japanese  words  is  found  among 
some  of  the  coast  tribes  of  Oregon  and  California,  either  pure,  as  tsche-tsche, 
milk,  or  clipped,  as  hiaku,  speed,  found  reduced  to  hyack,  meaning  fast,  in 
Indian;  or  yaku,  e^fil  genius  in  Japanese,  similarly  reduced  to  yak,  devil,  by 
the  Indians.  In  almost  all  words  showing  such  similarity,  the  Indian  word  is 
always  an  abbreviated  word,  or  shorter  word  than  the  Japanese,  from  which 
it  may  be  argued  that  the  latter  was  the  original  and  the  former  derived.  The 
construction  of  the  two  languages  is,  however,  different.  There  are,  however, 
a  large  number  of  pure  Japanese  words  and  some  very  peculiar  Japanese 
"idioms,  constructions,  honorific,  separative,  and  agglutinative  particles  " 
found  nearly  identical  in  the  American-Indian  dialect.  Shipwrecked  Japan- 
ese are  invariably  enabled  to  communicate  understandingly  with  the  coast 
Indians,  although  speaking  quite  a  dift'erent  language.  The  great  mass  of 
the  Japanese  people  stoutly  disclaim  any  common  descent  with  the  Chinese^ 
and  firmly  believe  they  have  a  wholly  different  origin.  Any  common  ancestor 
must  certainly  have  been  in  very  remote  ages. 

Professor  George  Davidson,  in  charge  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey 
on  the  Pacific,  our  highest  authority  upon  questions  connected  with  the 
great  ocean  currents  of  this  ocean,  has  bestowed  much  critical  study  upon 
the  physical  conditions  connected  with  the  Kuro  Shiwo.  In  1851,  when  sta- 
tioned at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  he  began  the  interesting  investi- 
gations necessary  to  demonstrate  its  complete  outline. 

In  1868.  he  communicated  to  the  National  Academy  of  Science  his  deduc- 
tions establishing  the  existence  of  the  return  current  northwestward,  westward 
and  southwestward  along  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Alaska,  and  the  southern 
coast  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  whilst  the  great  body  of  the  current  is  deflected 
down  the  northward  coast  until  it  is  drawn  into  the  Great  Equatorial  Current 
which  moves  westward  until  it  strikes  the  Asiatic  barrier,  and  thence  starts 
on  its  course,  about  the  island  of  Formosa,  as  the  great  warm  stream  of  Japan. 
He  first  showed  the  striking  analogy  between  this  stream  and  that  of  the 


20  JAPANESE    WRECKS   IN    THE 

North  Atlantic,  especially  in  their  origin  at  latitude  23°,  their  being  nearly 
180  degrees  of  longitude  apart,^ their  general  course,  etc.,  etc. 

There  is  a  branch  of  the  Euro  Shiwo,  which  shoots  off  northward  near 
Kamschatka,  and  is  felt  50  or  100  miles  oft'  this  promontory;  whilst  close  in 
shore,  a  cold  current  flows  southward  from  the  Arctic  through  the  western 
part  of  Behring's  Straits.  On  Kamschatka,  the  Kurile  and  Aleutian  Islands, 
and  on  Alaska,  great  number  of  disabled  Japanese  junks  must  have  been 
stranded  in  past  centuries. 

Professor  Davidson,  who  has  had  occasion  to  examine  the  Spanish,  Eng- 
lish, Russian  and  American  records  of  discoveries  in  this  ocean,  assures  me 
that  he  has  found  mention  of  at  least  a  dozen  or  more  janks,  wrecked  on  the 
coasts  of  Kamschatka,  within  a  Comparatively  recent  period;  and  in  the  earlier 
descriptions  of  the  Kurile  Islands,  and  of  the  Kamschatka  Peninsula,  he 
says  frequent  mention  is  made  of  the  wrecks  of  Japanese  junks  upon  these 
coasts. 

Both  winds  and  currents  of  the  North  Pacific  assist  in  driving  disabled 
Japanese  junks  around  the  great  circle  of  the  Kuro  Shiwo.  A  junk  disabled 
in  the  latitude  of  Tokio  would  be  swept  by  alternate  southwest  and  northwest 
winds,  and  the  existing  northeasterly  current,  towards  the  northwest  coast  of 
America.  The  distance  from  Cape  King  to  San  Francisco  is  about  4,500 
nautical  miles.  We  have  here  abundant  proof  of  the  track  taken  by  these 
disabled  vessels,  by  a  study  of  their  positions  when  found  drifting  at  sea  in  the 
Pacific,  at  the  mercy  of  winds  and  waves. 

For  many,  many  centuries  the  coasting  trade  of  Japan  has  employed  a  large 
fleet  of  junks  in  exchanging  rice  from  their  southern,  for  salt  fish  from  their 
northern  ports.  Although  it  may  be  presumed  that  the  large  number  of 
their  vessels  thus  disabled  and  rendered  unmanageable,  undoubtedl}'  founder 
in  the  heavy  gales  they  experience;  yet  comparatively  large  numbers  having 
cargoes  suitable  for  food,  and  crossing  a  region  subject  to  much  raio,  which 
is  easily  caught,  are  enabled  to  sustain  life  until  eithei'  picked  up,  or  stranded 
somewhere  on  the  American  coast,  or  some  island  in  their  course. 

In  the  above  sixty  cases  enumerated,  there  were,  from  1613  to  1694,  four 
cases;  from  1710  to  1782,  three  cases;  1804  to  1820,  six  cases;  1831  to  1848, 
eleven  cases;  and  since  the  rapid  settlement  of  this  coast  in  1850  to  1876,  only 
28  years,  we  have  a  list  of  36  wrecks  reported.  This  apparent  increase  is  not 
owing  to  their  increased  number,  but  solely  to  the  fact,  that  increase  of  com- 
merce on  the  Pacific  has  distributed  there  a  large  fleet,  whose  presence  has 
materially  increased  the  chances  of  rescue  to  disabled  vessels,  and  the  likeli- 
hood of  receiving  reports  from  stranded  wrecks. 

In  addition  to  the  list  we  have  enumerated,  are  the  Hawaiian  traditions  that 
several  such  junks  were  wrecked  on  Hawaii  before  the  year  1778;  to  which 
add  the  wrecks  from  which  the  18  Japanese  were  returned  from  Honolulu  in 
1834,  also  those  from  which  came  the  junk  full  of  shipwreck  Japanese,  who 
attempted  to,  and  failed  in  returning,  by  Cheefoo  to  Nagasaki ;  also  the  dozen 
additional  ones,  alluded  to  by  Professor  Davidson,  as  stranded  on  the  penin- 
sula of  Kamschatka,  within  a  comparatively  recent  period;  and  the  frequent 
mention  of  similar  wrecks  on  the  Kurile  Islands.  These  all  taken  together, 
with  yet  others  not  fully  verified,  could  scarcely  have  been  less  than  forty 


NORTH    PACIFIC    OCEAN.  21 

more,  rendering  it  reasonable  to  suppose  that  fully  one  hundred  wrecked  Jap- 
anese junks,  have  been  heard  from,  in  one  way  or  another,  adrift  upon  the 
North  Pacific,  or  stranded  on  the  northwest  coast  of  America  or  some  outly- 
ing islands. 

In  answer  to  the  question  of  whether  any  of  these  waifs  have  ever  found 
their  way  back  to  Japan  from  the  American  coast,  in  early  times,  I  can  say, 
that  from  historical  data  still  extant,  and  from  the  personal  relations  of  de- 
scendants of  some  of  such  returned  voyagers,  I  have  learned  that  in  rare 
cases,  occurring  from  4U0  to  260  years  ago,  crews  actUcilly  reached  Japan  with 
tidings  of  the  American  coast;  and  Professor  Davidson  informs  me,  that  when 
recently  in  Japan  observing  the  Transit  of  Venus,  a  very  intelligent  Japanese 
scholar,  well  known  to  me  personally,  related  to  him  a  well  authenticated  case 
within  this  century.  Formerly  such  accounts  were  not  allowed  general  jDub- 
licity*,  because  stoutly  discountenanced  by  an  ecclesiastical  government,  to 
whom  such  discoveries  were  quite  as  repugnant  as  were  Galileo's  to  the  me- 
dieval government  of  Kome.  To  the  peaceful  masses,  the  confines  of  their 
archipelago,  were  but  recently  the  horizon  of  the  world. 

The  famous  voyage  of  the  Buddhist  priest  from  China,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  seventh  cenlury,  to  a  country  called  by  him  Fusang,  (meaning,  translated 
"to  aid  or  cultivating  mulberries,")  was  at  the  exact  period  when  Japanese 
historians  record  their  first  official  intercourse  with  China;  and  was  probably 
reached  by  a  coasting  voyage  along  the  western  coast  of  Corea,  thence  along 
the  northern  coast  of  Niphon,  around  Yeso,  and  southerly,  to  the  southeastern 
shore  of  Niphon,  where  mulberry  trees  were  then  cultivated  abundantly,  and 
which  was  undoubtedly  the  land  he  called  Fusang.  A  careful  study  of  the 
native  records  seems  to  indicate  that  his  much  mooted  Chinese  voyage  could 
not  possibly  have  extended  to  the  American  coast. 

Of  the  sixty  cases  here  reported,  27  wrecks  were  encountered  at  sea,  and 
the  balance  stranded,  as  follows:  On  the  Aleutian  Islands,  8;  Coast  of  Kam- 
schatka,  6;  Alaska,  Oregon,  Hawaiian  and  Brooks  Islands,  two  each;  Off  San 
Diego,  Acapulco,  Nootka  Sound,  San  Bonito,  Queen  Charlotte,  Cedros,  Prov- 
idence, Baker's,  Stapieton,  Ocean  and  Ladrone  Islands,  one  each. 

In  23  cases  where  the  actual  number  on  board  was  named,  they  aggregated 
293  persons;  an  average  of  12|  persons  to  a  junk;  ranging  from  3  to  35  in  in- 
dividual cases. 

Where  definite  statistics  of  the  saved  are  given,  we  find  222  persons  saved 
in  33  cases;  an  average  of  6%  persons  in  each  disaster.  On  eight  occasions, 
three  persons  each  were  rescued;  in  four  cases,  one  person;  and  on  four  other 
cases,  four  persons;  three  times,  eleven  were  saved;  and  twice  each,  5,  12,  15, 
17;  and  once  each  2,  6,  7,  9,  10,  13,  were  saved. 

By  an  examination  of  the  above  figures,  we  may  estimate  the  probable  ex- 
tent of  Japanese  blood  infused  into  the  Indian  tribes  around  the  shores  of  the 
North  Pacific. 

Fifteen  vessels  mention  having  drifted  helplessly  at  sea  an  aggregate  of  106^ 
months,  averaging  a  little  over  seven  months  each. 

Eleven  cases  report  122  deaths ;  averaging  a  little  over  eleven  deaths  to  each 
wreck. 


22  JAPANESE    WRECKS   IN   THE 

It  is  sincerely  hoped  that  the  publication  of  this  record, 'which  has  so  inter- 
esting an  ethnological  import,  may  result  in  awakening  Japan  to  the  adop- 
tion of  immediate  steps  in  the  great  interest  of  a  common  humanity;  for  by 
improving  the  models  of  her  vessels,  and  adopting  those  with  sea-going  qual- 
ities, this  long  record  of  disasters  may  speedily  be  abridged,  if  not  wholly 
terminated. 

About  a  year  since  it  became  my  duty  to  forward  to  Japan,  half  a  dozen 
wooden  models,  full  drawings  and  specifications  of  small  vessels,  varying 
from  40  to  200  tons,  ordered  by  the  Japanese  government  for  the  use  of  ship- 
builders, which  the  now  enlightened  government  has  recommended  them 
to  adopt,  instead  of  their  present  form  of  junks.  Thus  the  edict  of  1639  has 
passed  away  forever,  and  young  Japan  is  rising  to  take  her  equal  place  among 
the  advancing  nations  of  the  world. 

Few  are  better  aware  than  the  scientist,  of  the  manifold  and  inevitable  dan- 
gers which  attend  all  radical  changes,  when  suddenly  made;  for  success  is  a 
problem  seldom  solved  without  repeated  trials  and  inevitable  failures.  But 
to-day,  Japan  is  earnestly  seeking  to  establish  her  national  perpetuity,  by  fos- 
tering a  discriminating  intelligence  among  her  people,  and  by  encouraging 
general  and  liberal  education  among  the  masses.  Thus  she  reverses  in  the 
most  j)ractical  manner,  the  other  edict  alluded  to  as  promulgated  in  1637. 
Her  centuries  of  quiet  seclusion  are  now  embalmed  with  the  history  of  the  past, 
and  she  seeks  true  greatness,  in  an  enlightened  administration  of  her  national 
affairs,  and  bids  fair  henceforth  to  reciprocate  a  generous  friendship  towards 
all  members  of  the  great  brotherhood  of  nations,  from  whom  she  may  now 
claim  equal  sympathy  and  neighborly  protection. 

The  great  changes  in  Japan  can  not  be  better  illustrated  than  in  the  fact, 
that  it  is  now  customary  for  the  government  of  Japan,  in  common  with  all 
other  nations,  to  present  through  their  Foreign  pflfice,  some  suitable  reward 
in  acknowledgement  of  kind  service,  to  the  captains  of  vessels  who  rescue 
their  shipwrecked  seamen. 

The  Japanese  Government  have  now  in  their  navy  ten  war  ships,  five 
dispatch  vessels,  and  five  training  ships,  all  steamers;  and  in  their  mercantile 
marine,  one  hundred  and  two  steamers  of  various  tonnage,  aggregating  30,718 
tons;  also  32  modern  sailing  vessels  built  in  foreign  style  of  7,346  total  ton- 
nage. 

The  great  Pacific  Ocean  and  its  adjoining  waters,  under  the  impulse  of  this 
age  of  steam,  is  becoming  the  highway  of  an  enterprising  commerce,  and 
steadily  unfolds  an  attractive  field  of  research  to  ethnological  and  linguistic 
archoeologists. 

Many  young  Japanese  are  already  attracted  to  scientific  pursuits,  and 
their  valuable  technical  as  well  as  general  results,  are  beginning  to  claim  the 
attention  of  naturalists. 

Much  valuable  scientific  work  has  been  done  by  Japanese  scholars  since 
their  early  lessons  received  from  Professor  Wm.  P.  Blake  and  Professor 
Raphael  Pumpelly;  two  eminent  American  scientists,  whom  I  had  the  honor 
of  selecting  and  engaging  in  the  summer  of  1861,  on  behalf  of  the  government 
of  Japan,  to  act  as  government  Mineralogists  and  Mining  Engineers. 


NORTH    PACIFIC     OCEAN.  23 

A  glorious  opening  now  presents  itself  for  some  reliable  and  competent 
scholar,  with  pecuniary  means  at  command,  to  collect  a  library  of  books  re- 
lating to  the  Asiatic  shores  of  the  North  Pacific  ocean,  as  perfect  in  its  way 
as  is  that  of  our  great  historian,  Hubert  H.  Bancroft,  relating  to  the  native 
races  of  the  American  coast;  and  when  as  systematically  classified,  and  as 
thoroughly  studied,  give  to  the  world  full  and  correct  historical  details  and 
analytical  classifications  of  all  native  races  on  the  borders  of  Asia ;  many  of 
whose  records  and  traditions  must  necessarily  fade  with  radical  changes  in 
civilization,  and  soon  pass  beyond  human  reach. 

The  splendid  sunrise,  now  dawning  in  the  Orient,  offers  golden  opportun- 
ities, which  should  be  promptly  improved  while  available.  Old  ways  are 
giving  place  to  new,  and  invaluable  treasures  of  antiquity,  may  be  lost  for- 
ever, or  cast  aside  to  linger  for  a  generation  or  two,  in  the  memories  of  the 
aged,  before  their  shadowy  forms  become  enshrouded  in  the  misty  veil  of  a 
forgotten  past. 


The  National  Arms  of  Japan. 


( Chrysanthemum . ) 


DEC  10  I&737  DAY  USE 

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